Method for purifying mineral oils



1946- c. WATERMAN METHOD FOR PURIFYING MINERAL OILS Original Filed March 4, 1940 2 SheetS-Sheet'l /N VE N 702/ LOGAN C. W4 TERA/IAN M R w w m m m rm Arrow/Ex:

Dec. 17, 1946. Q W TE MAN 2,412,791

METHOD FOR PURIFYING MINERAL OILS Original Filed March 4, 1940 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 2N ve/vroe/ B LOGAN C. MTERMAN HARE/.5, mach; FOSTER drHARR/J ,4 rrozovsxs Patented Dec. 17, 1946 j METHOD FOR PURIFYING MINERAL onts Logan ClWaterman, Houston, Tex., assignor to a Petrolite Corporation, Ltd., Wilmington, Del.,,a

corporation of Delaware Original application March 4, 1940, Serial No.

322,093. Divided and this application October 13, 1941, Serial No. 414,791' l 2 Claims. (Cl. 204-190) This invention relates to method and appara- I tile for treating oils and, more particularly, to

an electric method and apparatus for the purification of crude petroleum.

Crude petroleum frequently contains water- These impurities may be dispersible impurities. either molecularly or ionically dispersible in water as in the case of water-soluble salts, or dispersible in water as solid particles as in the case of particles of sand or silt having water-wettable or water-wet surfaces. These impurities are most commonly represented by water-soluble salts which may be present in the oil as crystals or, more commonly, in the form of aqueous solutions of brin dispersed as fine emulsified droplets throughout the oil.

In United States Patent No. 2,182,145 to H. C. Eddy, an electrical process for the removal of saline and similar impurities from crude oil is disclosed, which provides for the subjection of a specially-formed synthetic emulsion to a hightension electric field, thus producing coalescence of the dispersed droplets of the emulsion into masses of sufiicient size to be readily removed from oil by gravitational methods, including settling. The synthetic emulsion is formed by dispersing relatively fresh water in the oil to form droplets which are coalesced with the brine droplets or other impurities in the oil by the action of the electric field, whereby the impurities become associated with the large coalesced masses and are readily separable from the oil.

It is an object of the present invention to provide improvements in method and apparatus relative to such an electric purification process.

In view of the extensive utilization of this proc-- ess for the removal of brine and other saline impuritie from crude oil. it is commonly termed a desalting process. It is generally agreed that the salt or brine, which is so frequently found associatedwith crude petroleum and which thus requires subjection of the crude oil to a desalting process, becomes dispersed in the oil as the latter is brought to the surface or otherwise subjected to turbulent flow in the process of production. For example, the production flow into the well casingmay comprise admixed streams of crude oil and brackish water and, in the turbulence of the flow to the surface and discharge from the well, the brackish water or brine becomes dispersed in fine droplets throughout the oil. These droplets are eventually stabilized by the adsor tion of emulsifying agents at their interface and, as this adsorption progresses,- the droplets become increasingly difiicult to treat or coalesce 7 with similar or other interfacial stabilization and the difiiculty of coalescing these droplets with other droplets, typically those of added relatively freshwater, may be further increased by changes to which the oil is subjected subsequent to its production. For

example, the oil as produced is normally at temperatures somewhat above normal atmospheric temperature. As the oil cools, its solvent power for emulsifying agents, such as asphalt, high molecular weight acids, and the like,may decrease, whereby these materials becom more readily available for adsorption at and stabilization of the interface. In additiomthe adsorbed materials may be'reduced to below their melting point by such cooling, whereby a solidified interface is formed which is very diflicult to treat.

The solvent power of the crude oil may also be decreased by partial vaporization of light bydrocarbons, such as may occur when the pressure on the freshly produced oil is substantially reduced or where the oil is allowed to weather or is ctherwise stabilized, resulting in a condensation of heavy and/or solid emulsifying agents at the interface.

Eliects other than reduced solvent power and increased adsorption may also be involved in the progressive increase in difficulty of purification as an oil is processed and/or stored. For example, the viscosity of the crude oil may become in water, with attendant decrease in settling rates.

It is an object of the present invention to provide-a process of the kind described in which the crude oil as it is produced from the well, particularlyan oil susceptible to the above-described stabilizing clients, isadvanced as a continuously- .flowing stream up-t0 and through the steps of removing water-dispersible impurities by'electric coalescence with added water, whereby the stabilizing eifects of protracted storage are avoided. It is afurther object to provide a process in which such an, advancing stream is at all times maintained under superatmospheric pressure, whereby volatile constituents may be maintained in theoil, .the retention of "these constituents serving to improve the'purlfication by maintaim ing the oilin amore fluid condition, by maintainingpotential stabilizingagents in a dissolved state, and the like.

It is also an object of the present invention droplets. "The degree of Q to provide a process in which such a stream is to further processing involving electrical purifi cation of the oil. i a

Crude oils are normally subjected to a stabilization process designed to remove'normally-gaseous constituents, such as ethane, propane, butane, etc., and to produce a crude of lowered vapor pressure. In some instances, it is desirable to stabilize the crude prior to desalting, as when relatively high temperatures are found desirable for desalting. Such stabilization, however, frequently hastens the process of interfacial adsorption, and I have found the purification of a stabilized crude is best accomplished directly subsequent to stabilization without intervening storage. By combining stabilization with desalting, I am also able to realize an economy in heat since both processes are relatively high-temperature processes.

It is, accordingly, an object of the present invention to stabilize'a crude oil prior to d'esalting and preferably immediately prior thereto, as by continuously advancing a stream of crude oil through a-stabilizer and then through a desalter.

In many instances, the stabilization prior to desalting need not be complete, whereby a portion of the volatile constituents may be retained in the oil during clesalting, the stabilization being completed subsequent to the desalting.

It is, accordingly, an object of the present invention to provide a process for removing salt and similar impurities from petroleum in which the steps incident to the salt removal are preceded, and in some instances followed, by the removal of volatile constituents from the oil.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process of the kind described in which the water-dispersible impurities are removed prior to the removal of all of the volatile constituentswhich'it is required to remove for full stabilization of the crude.

The electric purification process of Eddy, supra, works best on oils of low water content. If the oil 'producedby the well contains but little water, forexample not more than a'few per cent, it may be desalted directly. Otherwise, the oil is best subjected to a dehydration treatment prior to desalting in order to remove at least a portion of the aqueous brine in order to produce an oil or relatively low water content 'for subjection to the'desalting' step. I find that the steps of purification are most effectively practiced on a freshly dehydrated oil, possibly 'due to the fact that the effect of the chemical or electric field employed in dehydration persists for some time'and makes the residual brine droplets more readily coalescible with the added water.

' "It is an object of the present invention to dehydrate and desalt successively a continuouslyadvancing stream of, crude oil, more particularly a stream having an uninterrupted flow from a It is accordingly an object of the present invention to successively dehydrate and desalt a continuously-advancing stream of oil maintained under superatmospheric pressure and/ or temperature, more particularly when such a stream is initially formed by a source well.

The steps of purification, particularly the separation of the electrically-coalesced masses of dilute brine, are preferably effected in the substantial absence of ebullition which is best prevented by imposing a pressure during treatment whichis'at least-as great as any minimum pressure to'which the oil has been previously sub-- jected, and which is greater than the vapor pressure of the oil atthe temperature of treatment.

Similarly, the imposed pressure should exceed the vapor. pressure of the water present in the treater.

It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a process for purifying a crude of units.

oil in which the crude oil production is maintained as a continuouslyadvancing stream subjeot to' superatmospher'ic pressure up to and including the stepof separating water-dispersible impurities, said last step being carried out at a superatmcspheric pressure not'less than the previous" minimum pressure'to which said stream issubjected.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a plurality of electric purifying units arranged in parallel with respect to a stream of oil and to disperse water in such stream prior to its subdivision into parallel streams, whereby a better and more uniform operation of severa units may be obtained. I 1

It is a further object to provide an automatic control for the removal of water from said units,

whereby similar interiacial levels be maintained in the several" units and whereby but one control mechanism is needed for the plurality It is also an object of the present invention to provide a pro-portioning control for the disper'sal of water in the flowing oil stream and to provide a means for controlling the rate of fiow of oil to the purifying units in response'to the production of crude oil, more particularly in response to the level of said oil in a surge tank.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a pressure-responsive control for removing purified oil from the purifying units.

-Still further objects and aspects of the invention will become apparent in the following dis-- dispersed phase from the synthetic emulsion as roduced in this process.

' Referring more particularly to Figure l, a well casing Iii penetrates to oil-producing sands H and provides a passageway for the crude oil, usually coinmingled with more or less brine, to reach the surface.

other types of production, e. g., pumping, are likewise suitable in connection with the practiceof the present process. The cilreaches the -surface ata"press ure dependent upon formation pressureand the depth oithe well, and,

in some instances, this pressure may be quite high for example, 2900 lbs/sq. in., or more. This oil is transferred by means of a pipe l2 to a choke valve l3 where the pressure is reduced to A flowing pressure well' is indi- V cated in the drawings, it being understood that p by pumping through a valved line 41.

some suitable value, for example, about 400 lbs/sq. in. From the choke valve I3, the mixture of gas and crude oil enters a gas separator I4 from whence high pressure gas is withdrawn by means of a line I5, the liquid constituents or crude oil collecting in the bottom of the separator I4 and being withdrawn through a line It.

If desired, the crude may be further heated during its passage along pipe I6 by means of a heat interchanger IT. The pressure on the flow ing stream is further reduced by passing through a valve I8 whence the oil is led into a flash tower 20. Gaseous constituents may be removed from the flash tower 20 by means of a line 2| feeding into a low pressure gas manifold 22. Liquid constituents are continuously removed from the bottom of flash tower 20 by means of a pipe 25, the flow being preferably regulated by an automatic valve 26 responsive to a float control 2'! associated with the tower 20 and adapted to open and close valve 20 in accordance with the liquid level in the flash tower 20.

If desired, the crude flowing through the line 25 may be passed through a meter 30 and may be admixed with oil flowing in a manifold 3| adapted to receive crude similarly produced from other wells.

Further provision for modifying the temperature of the crude flowing through the line 25 is afforded by means of an interchanger 35. If this crude contains substantial water, provision is made for the dehydration, or at least partial removal, of the emulsified water from the crude. If it is desired to dehydrate the crude chemically, a proportioned small stream of emulsionbreaking chemical may be supplied from a tank 35 and introduced into the line 25 by means of a valved line 31.

If desired. the oil may be otherwise conditioned for purification, for example by means of electric treatment. Various types of electrical dehydrators are available and, in the drawings, only a very schematic representation of an electrical dehydrator is shown. Such a dehydrator comprises an outer shell 40, an inner electrode 4!, and a transformer 42 supplying high potential alternating current to the inner electrode through an insulating bushing 43. The wet oil traversing line 25 may be diverted by closing a valve 44 and opening a valve 55 into a line 45 serving to introduce the wet oil into the space between the inner electrode 4! and the outer shell 40. If desired, dry oil may also be supplied to the treating space The electrically-treated mixture is re-introduced into line 25 by means of a transfer pipe 48 from which it flows into a horizontally-positioned tank 50 in which the forward velocity of the advancing stream is sufliciently reduced to permit settling of water from the treated mixture. This water may be withdrawn through a valve draw-off 1ine iii. If desired, further vapors may be withdrawn from the oil in the tank 50 and passed to the manifold 22 by means of the valved line 52.

The dehydrated oil is removed from tank 50 by means of a pipe 55 connected to the suction of a centrifugal pump 55. The discharge of the pump 55 is passed into a line 51, the flow through which is controlled by means of an automatic valve 58. The valve 58 is operatively connected by a mechanical; hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical means, or a linkage means, schematically indicated by numera1 59, to a fioat (not shown) in float housing 60 which is in free communication with the upper and lower portions of the tank 50 by means of lines 6| and 62, respectively. By this means, a substantially constant level is maintained in the tank ElLthe discharge ofpump 56 through line 5! being substantially equal to the crude input in the tank 50 apart from the slight decrease in volume due to withdrawal of water and/ or vaporous constituents.

A stream of relatively fresh water is introduced into the stream of oil traversing line 5?, suitably by means of a pipe 10 opening into pipe: 51 at juncture II. If the rate of oil flow is relatively constant, the stream of water may likewise be constant in quantity. Where there is considerable fluctuation in oil flow, however, I prefer to provide automatic proportioning between the streams of oil and water, whereby the latter may be kept within the desired limits, suitably from 10 to 20% of thevolume of oil.

The drawings disclose a suitable means for automatically proportioning the two streams. Relatively fresh water derived from any suit'- able source is brought by means of a pipe I2 to the suction of a centrifugal pump 13, the discharge of which into line '50 is controlled by means of an automatic valve 14. A fixed orifice is provided in line 51 to produce a pressure drop proportional to the square of the rate of fiow of oil, and another orifice SI is positioned in line 10 to produce the pressure drop proportional to the square of the rate of flow of water. These differential pressures, that is, the pressures above and downstream from the respective orifices, are transmitted by means of lines 82, 03, 84, and to a control device having a linkage means 9! to valve 14 and adapted to open said valve when the pressure drop across the orifice 8| is reduced below a predetermined ratio to the pressure drop across orifice 80 and to move the valve 14 toward a closing position when the pressure drop across the orifice 8| exceeds the predetermined ratio. The control device 90 is indicated only schematically since various devices well adapted to perform the desired functions are known to the art.

Another modification which is very advantageous in certain instances when it is not desired to use the orifice plates and associated equipment is to provide a linkage means, schematically indicated by dotted lines 05, between valve I4 and linkage means 59 which serves to actuate the throttle valve 58 on the discharge of the oil pump 56. In this manner, the oil discharged from pump 56 and the water discharged from pump I3 are simultaneously controlled in response to the oil level in tank 50.

The water introduced into the flowing oil stream at juncture II is, in most instances, at least partially dispersed in the oil by the turbulence of the flowing stream, but to obtain the desired degree of dispersion, the commingled stream is best subjected to a controlled agitation and shearing action, as by passage through a Weight-loaded valve I00. The dispersion formed in the valve I00 is passed into a header I0| where it is split into three streams which are passed by means of lines I02, I03, and I04 into electric treaters I05, I06, and I01, respectively. In these treaters, the emulsion 'is subjected to-the action of an electric fieldby means which will become more clear in subsequent discussion of Figure 2, and the treated mixture is permitted to settle into, a lower body of water and an upper body of relatively dry oil having a salt content below a specified value. The three treaters I05, I05, and MT are preferably similarly constructed and mounted at the same level so that the watercrfluent lines. may be manifolded, thereby main taining. the interfacial level in each treater atv approximately the same height. In the form shown in the drawings, a water manifold H is shown which is in open communication with the lower portions of treaters I05, I 06, and I01 by means of pipes III, H2, and II3, respectively. One of the treaters, namely," treater I05, isprovidedwith a float chamber II5 openly communi eating. with the upper oil body by means of a pipe IIB and with the lower water body by any suitable means, typically by means of a pipe I I1. As will presently be clear in the discussion of Figure 2, this chamber houses a float adapted to follow the interfacial level between the oil and water in the float chamber which corresponds to. the interfacial level in treater I05. This float is operatively connected to a valve I in manifold IIO which serves to control the rate of discharge of water from the manifold, The interfacial level in treater I05 may thus be maintained substantially uniform and atthe desired height, and, because of the manifold connections, the interfacial levels in the other treaters are likewise maintained at the same desired height.

The automatic discharge or bleeding of the water to maintain uniform interfacial levels is accomplished irrespectiveof what the absolute pressure in the treaters may be. I may, accordingly, provide a pressure-responsive control for discharging the oil from the treater, whereby the pressure therein may be maintained at any desired value. For this'purpose, I withdraw oil from the upper portion of treaters I05, I06, and Hi1 I3I, the opening of which is made responsive tothe pressure in manifold Iby suitable pressuresensitive means I34 so arranged that, when thepressure in manifold I30 exceeds the desired pressure, valve I32 is adjusted to a greater opening whereby the oil is'more rapidly removed from the treating system and the pressure is reduced. It will be clear that the opposite reaction will occur to correct apressure which is below the desired operating pressure.

If it is, desired to further stabilize the oil subsequent to its desalting or purification, a valve I40 in 1ine I33 may be closed and the oil passed by means-of a pipe MI through a heat interchanger I42 into a stabilization tower I43 from which the undesired highly volatile constituents may be removed by means of a line I44, the stabilized crude being withdrawn through a bottom line I45 and returned to the continuation of line I33 from which it may be passed to further distillation and/or cracking equipment, or, if it is desired to store the crude, it may be passed through a cooler I46. In instances whereit is not desired or necessary to stabilize the crude, the valve I40- may be opened, permitting the crude going through line I33 to flow directly to further processing or to storage, as through cooler I46.

Figure 2 is a cross section showing details of treater I05. The treater comprises a cylindrical shell I50. closed at the ends by, bottom and top plates HI and I52 through which the pipes III and I25 communicate with the interior of the shell I50. Suspended from the. head plate I52 by means of. insulators I53 is a cross bar I54 from which depends another cross bar I55. Suspended immediately below the cross bar I54'and mechanically' and electrically. connected therewith. is: a series of concentric rings I56 coaxial with the'treater shell. Asimilar series of concentric rings I51'is mounted on the top of cross bar I55.- The rings I56form a part of an electrode structure, designated generally as I60, and the se-'- ries of rings I51 forms a part of an electrode structure, designated generally as I6I. 'Also suspended from-the head plate I52 by means of an insulator I is an electrode structure I66 co-' operating with electrode structure I 60 to form an upper treating space I61 and an electrode structure I68 cooperating with the lower electrode structure I6I to form a lower treating space I69.

L High potential alternating current is supplied by I I02 which continues on into the interior of the iiitreater to rise vertically in a centrally-positionedv pipe I30 terminating in a discharge nozzle I3I positioned in the lower treating space I69 and adapted to discharge the inc ming emulsion ra dially outward in a substantially horizontal plane throughout the treating space I59:

In the electric field, the droplets of the added water and droplets of brine or other suspended impurities are coalesced to masses of sufficient size to settle out from the oil andforma body of water or dilute brine E having an upper boundary or interface Hi6 separating it from a body of oil I81.

Further electric treatment is also provided by the upper treating space 561 through which the. oil may pass as it rises or through which recycle;

currents may be set up due to the aspiratingef feet of the discharge nozzle 53!, and also by an.- auxiliary treating. field which is setup between the charged electrode, structure iEI and the body of water I85, the latter, together with the treater shell, being grounded by means of. the ground- Iiit.

The float housing H5 is positioned exterior to the shell I59 at a height corresponding to the de-. sired height of the interface E36 and, as indicated above, communicates bymeans of pipes H6 and I I1 with the upper body of oil I81 and the lower body of water I85, respectively. The float. I is shown connected by means of mechanical linkage I35 to valve I28 on the water manifoldline I10;

stream at juncture and weightdoaded valve I36, followed by subjection of the. emulsion thus. formed to the action of an electric field toco-a lesce the added water and saline or other .dis-

persible impurities to massesseparable fromihe.

oil, and separating these masses .to obtain apurifiedoil, as in treaters W5, W5, and I57, constia tutes the desalting or purification steps of the? present process. The fundamentalsof thisproc. ess arediscussed at, length in the CrEddypats ent, supra, and need not be elaborated? on here.

As indicated above, the present improvement in; such purification process rests, in part, upon the discovery that'the purification process works best:

aha-$91 es freshly-produced oil which is not allowed to 'age to the degree that brine particles become highly stabilized with adsorbed emulsifying agents, and that any handling of the oil, either freshly produced or from storage, which increases the potential degree of adsorption such as cooling, partial vaporization, or the like, should be succeeded as rapidly as possible bysubjection of the oil to the purification process before additiona1 stabilization of-the emulsion takes place to any substantial degree. The-present process also presents further beneficial factors by providing for the dehydration of the oil immediately prior to desalting where dehydration is necessary, by providing for retention in the oil undergoing desalting of volatile constituents inherently favorable to the process of purification, and by providing various other factors.

The stabilization of the crude may take place in increasing degree in gas separator l4, flash tower 20, tank 5E, and stabilization tower I43. In many instances, I prefer to conserve as much of the more volatile constituents as is possible in the crude subjected to purification since I find that they exercise a beneficial efiect on the ease of coalescence and separation of the impurities and, accordingly, in such instances only the extremely volatile constituents, such as the fixed gases, methane, ethane, and the like, and a portion of propane and/or butane willbe removed prior to the purification process, the crude being eventually stabilized and the requisite quantity of these volatile constituents being removed in the final stabilization step in tower M3 subsequent to purification.

In some instances, however, the advantages of substantially higher temperatures or the impracticality of maintaining excessive pressure in the purification step may overweight the advantages resident in the presence of liquefied volatile constituents in the oil and, in such instances, I may provide for the prior removal of these constituents so that there is substantial stabilization of the crude oil prior to purification, this greater degree of stabilization being maintained by the use of higher temperatures or lower pressures in the fi'ash tower 2B and tank 50. The lower vapor pressure of the oil thus processed permits the use of higher temperatures without the imposition of excessive pressures during the purification process. The full advantages of this method of prior stabilization are not realized, however, unless the stabilization and purification steps are made essentially flow line and consecutive so that the oil may be purified as soon as possible after re-- moval of the volatile constituents.

With most oils, a split stabilization process will be found to work very well, i. e., the crude is partially stabilized to reduce the vapor pressure of the oil to be purified to a satisfactory working range and then, after purification, the oil is further stabilized to the requisite low vapor pressure.

It is highly desirable that the oil subjected to the purification proces be maintained under sufficient pressure to prevent any ebullition which would otherwise interfere with the process of separating the coalesced masses. Accordingly, the pressure imposed on the oil during the purification process should exceed the vapor pressure of the oil and/or water at the temperature employed, and, in general, should be equal to or greater than any previous minimum pressure to which the oil has been subjected. The previous minimum pressure to which the advancing stream of oil has been subjected is determinative of its tank 50.

10 vapor pressure, particularly if such minimum pressure was maintained on the crude while the latter was at elevated temperatures approaching those used in desalting, as in the flash tower 20 or The advancing stream is preferably maintained at all times under super-atmospheric pressure, but it is usually desirable to provide repressuring means, such as pump 56, immediately ahead of the desalting equipment in order that the advancing oil stream may be brought to a superatmospheric pressure greater than that minimum superatmospheric pressure to which the oil has been previously subjected.

In many instances, the oil is best treated in a plurality of treaters, as shown in the drawings. It is highly desirable under such circumstances to maintain substantially the same conditions as regards electric treatability, and the like, in each treater, whereby uniformity of treatment may be insured and the entire process of treatment made more or less automatic. I find that the desired uniformity is very much more readily obtainable if the water is dispersed in the oil While flowing as a single stream, whereby identical portions of the dispersions thus formed may be diverted to each treater. The uniformity of treatment is further insured by maniiolding the pressure-responsive oil discharge to each treater," whereby the same desired operating pressure may be maintained in each treater, and also by manifolding the water draw-01f line so that the same interfacial level may be established in each treater, this latter factor being of substantial im-' portance in maintaining uniform auxiliary treating fields between the lower electrodes and the body of water in each treater.

As one example of my process, crude oil containing 4 to 5% of water or brine, and from 150 to 800 grams of salt per barrel, was produced underpressure of about 2000 lbs/sq. in. and a temperature of about 150 F. The pressure on this,

crude was reduced in the gas trap 14 to about 400 lbs/sq. in. andthe separated gases were sent to'a vapor recovery process, the fixed gases from the vapor recovery being recompressed and sent back into the formation to maintain pressure. The pressure was further reduced in flash tower 20 to less than 100 lbs/sq. in., the oil reaching the surge tank 59 at a pressure of from 20 to lbs/sq. in. and a temperature of from to F'., depending upon the quantity of heat supplied through interchangers 17 and 35. A small proportion of an emulsion-breaking chemical was added to the stream entering tank 5i} by means of line 31 and some water or brine separated in tank 50. The effluent oil from tank 56 contained from 1 to 3% of water or brine. The oil was repressured by means of pump 56 to a pressure of from 80 to.l20 lbs./sq. in. and a similar water pressure was developed by pump T3 for injection, the water used for this purpose being a relatively fresh water, that is, a water containing substantially less saline impurities than the brine associated with the oil. .From 10 to 20% of water was added at the juncture point H and dispersed by means of the weight-loaded valve I90, a pressure drop being set up across this valve of from 40 to 80 lbs/sq. in., or thereabouts. The desalters or purifying units were normally maintained at a pressure of 45 to 50 lbs/sq. in. and the purified oil flowing therefrom contained about 1% of relatively fresh water, the salt content of the purifled oil being less than 10 grams per barrel. This purified crude was re-pressured by means of pump l3l to a pressure of about lbs/sq. in.

11 and heated in interchanger M2 for flashing in stabilization tower M3, the bottoms of whichrepresented a stabilized purified crude suitable for storage or ior direct charging into the usual distillation unit.

The details of the above examples are illustratiy e rather than limiting and various modificationsof the described embodiments may be practiced without departing from the essence of my invention as-clefined by the scope of the appended claims.

I -his application is a division of my application Serial No. 322,093, entitled Method and apparatus for treating oil, filed March 4, 1940,

I claim as my invention:

1. A process for removing water-dispersible impurities from a stream of crude oil containing same and which stream is flowing at a non-uniform rate, which process includes the steps of: proportioning into said flowing stream of oil and mixing therewith a stream of relatively fresh water to form a stream of artificial oil-continuous emulsion in which droplets of said relatively fresh water coexist with water-dispersible impurities; dividing this resulting stream of oilcontinuous emulsion into a plurality of separate streams; establishing a plurality of separate high-intensity coalescing electric fields in a plurality of separated settling spaces disposed ap-.- proximately at the same level, th number of fields and the number of settling spaces corresponding to the number of said separate streams; delivering said separate streams respectively to said high-intensity electric fields to coalesce the dispersed water and bring the water-dispersible impurities into association therewith and separating the electrically-treated constituents of each separate stream in its corresponding settling zone to produce therein bodies of purified oil and water, said separated water now containing in large measure the water-dispersible impurities; withdrawing streams of water simultaneously from each of said settling zones and combining said streams; controlling the rate of flow of water in the combined stream in response to changes in the total amount of separated water in only one of said separating zones and in a manner to maintain the total amount of separated water in this one of said separating zones substantially constant; withdrawing streams of oil from the upper ends of said separate settling zones and combining these streams to form a combined stream 10f purified oil; and throttling the combinedstream of purified oil while increasing and decreasing the throttling action in response to changes in pressure of said combined number of settling spaces corresponding to the 7 number of said separate streams; delivering said separate streams respectively to said high-intensity electric fields to coalesce the dispersed water and bring the water-dispersible impurities into association therewith; separating the electricallyetreated constituents of each separate stream in its corresponding settling zone to produce therein bodies of purified oil and separated water, said separated water now containing in large measure the water-dispersible impurities; withdrawing streams of oil from the upper ends of said settling zones and combining these streams; throttling the combined stream of purified oil while increasing and decreasing the throttling action in response to changes in pressure of said combined stream at a position upstream from the throttling position and in a manner to maintain the pressure in said settling zones substantially constant; withdrawing streams of water simultaneously from each of said settling zones and combining these streams; and controlling the rate of fiow of water in the combined stream of water in response to changes in the total amount of separated water in only one of said separating zones and in a manner to maintain the total amount of separated water in this one of said separating zones substantially constant.

' LOGAN C. WATERMAN. 

